一台可同时测量所有同位素的电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS
概述
规格
发表文献
资源
基础知识
概述
icpTOF的优越性能
icpTOF电感耦合等离子体-飞行时间质谱耦合了Thermo Scientific公司的 iCAP RQ平台（包含离子源和真空接口）和TOFWERK高性能飞行时间质谱分析仪。iCAP RQ平台提供了多类型的样品进样方式，高强度并稳固的ICP，更加简单的椎体和离子电镜维护程序和Q-cell科技。飞行时间质谱分析仪在保证跟四级管（QMS）同等灵敏度的同时，为icpTOF增加了快速全谱分析，更宽的线性动态范围和高达6000的质量分辨率。鉴于其快速全谱图采集和所有元素同位素的同步分析，icpTOF是单颗粒多元素分析和快速激光蚀刻成像的理想检测器。- All the elements. All the time. icpTOF记录全谱图以提供回溯分析,因此 您不会错过任何分析物或干扰信号。
- 高质量分辨率 icpTOF 2R高达6000的质量分辨率让排除干扰离子更加容易。
- 精确的同位素比率 icpTOF可同时测量所有同位素,从而最大程度上消除离子源和进样过程扰动对测量结果的影响。分析精度趋近于统计限制。
- 高速检测 icpTOF每隔30微秒就可记录一张全谱图,使其成为快速瞬态信号(如单个纳米颗粒,流体包裹体和单激光脉冲烧蚀)的最佳检测器。
规格
icpTOF R, icpTOF 2R, 和icpTOF S2 型号规格一览
icpTOF R， icpTOF 2R和icpTOF S2 在Thermo Scientific公司的 iCAP RQ平台（包含离子源和真空接口）上耦合了TOFWERK高性能飞行时间质谱分析仪。这三种型号性能各有千秋，适用于您的多种应用需求。icpTOF 2R搭配一款更长的飞行时间质谱模块，提供高达6000的质量分辨率，是对同标称质量的离子分离要求较高的分析案例的理想选择。S2型号的超高灵敏度可以提升生物样品成像的空间分辨率，同时也可以在分析细小颗粒物时有更好的信噪比。|
Mass Resolving Power (dm/m at FWHM) |
Sensitivity (cps/ppb for 238U) |
All Element Analysis |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| icpTOF | 3000 | 50000 | Yes |
| icpTOF 2R | 6000 | 30000 | Yes |
| icpTOF S2 | 900 | 300000 | Yes |
icpTOF Hardware Design
增长的离子飞行时间带来更好的质量分辨能力
- 这两款icpTOF都配备了支持Q-cell碰撞/反应技术的iCAP RQ平台（蓝色），有效降低复杂基底可能带来的干扰
- icpTOF 2R搭配的飞行时间模块（黄色）长度是icpTOF的两倍，大大提升了仪器的质量分辨能力
‘陷波’技术有效衰减等离子体和样品基底相关的离子强度
铪含量较高的’Plesovice’锆石的激光脉冲烧蚀实验信号。‘陷波’技术用来将28 -硅, 40 -氩气等离子体, 90 -锆石和 179 -铪等信号控制在10mV以下。发表文献
icpTOF 发表文献
2024
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2023
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2022
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2021
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- Wang, H.; Krzemnicki, M. Multi-element analysis of minerals using laser ablation inductively couple plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry and geochemical data visualization using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding: Case study on emeralds from various deposits. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2021. In Focus | DOI: 10.1039/D0JA00484G
- Jahn, L.; Bland, G.; Monroe, L.; Sullivan, R.; Meyer, M. Single-Particle Elemental Analysis of Vacuum Bag Dust Samples Collected From the International Space Station by SEM/EDX and sp-ICP-ToF-MS. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021. In Focus | DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2021.1874610
- Chapman et al. Chemical and physical heterogeneity within native gold: Implications for the design of gold particles studies. Mineralium Deposita, 2021. In Focus | DOI: 10.1007/s00126-020-01036-x
- Wernitznig et al. Plecstatin-1 induces an immunogenic cell death signature in colorectal tumour spheroids. Metallomics, 2021. In Focus | DOI: 10.1039/D0MT00227E
- Chew, D.; Drost, K.; Marsh, J.; Petrus, J. LA-ICP-MS imaging in the geosciences and its applications to geochronology. Chemical Geology, 2021. In Focus | DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119917
- Nabi, M.; Wang, J.; Baalousha, M. Episodic surges in titanium dioxide engineered particle concentrations in surface waters following rainfall events. Chemosphere, 2021. In Focus | DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128261
2020
- Jahn, L. et al. Metallic and Crustal Elements in Biomass-Burning Aerosol and Ash: Prevalence, Significance, and Similarity to Soil Particles. ACS Earth Space Chem, 2020. DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00191
- Laughton, S. et al. Methanol-based extraction protocol for insoluble and moderately water-soluble nanoparticles in plants to enable characterization by single particle ICP-MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2020. In Focus | DOI:10.1007/s00216-020-03014-8
- Hendriks, L.; Skjolding, L. Single-Cell Analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry to Quantify Algal Cell Interaction with Nanoparticles by Their Elemental Fingerprint. Spectroscopy, 2020. In Focus
- Theiner, S. et al. Single-Cell Analysis by Use of ICP-MS. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2020. In Focus | DOI: 10.1039/D0JA00194E
- Gundlach-Graham, A. & Mehrabi, K. Monodisperse Microdroplets: A Tool that Advances Single-Particle ICP-MS Measurements. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2020. In Focus | DOI: 10.1039/D0JA00213E
- Thompson, J.; Danyushevsky, L.; Borovinskaya, O.; Tanner, M. Time-of-flight ICP-MS laser ablation zircon geochronology: assessment and comparison against quadrupole ICP-MS. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2020. In Focus | DOI: 10.1039/d0ja00252f
- Neff, C. et al. Capabilities of automated LA-ICP-TOFMS imaging of geological samples. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2020. In Focus | DOI: 10.1039/D0JA00238K
- Becker, P. et al. Forensic Float Glass Fragment Analysis Using Single-Pulse Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2020. In Focus | DOI: 10.1039/D0JA00284D
- Bevers, S. et al. Quantification and Characterization of Nanoparticulate Zinc in an Urban Watershed. Frontiers in Environmental Science: Biogeochemical Dynamics 2020. DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2020.00084
- Rubatto, D. et al. Identification of growth mechanisms in metamorphic garnet by high-resolution trace element mapping with LA-ICP-TOFMS. Contrib Mineral Petrol 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s00410-020-01700-5
- Theiner S. et al. Laser ablation-ICP-TOFMS imaging of germ cell tumors of patients undergoing platinum-based chemotherapy. Metallomics 2020. In Focus | DOI: 10.1039/D0MT00080A
- von der Au, M. et al. Single cell-inductively coupled plasma-time of flight-mass spectrometry approach for ecotoxicological testing. Algal Research 2020. In Focus | DOI:10.1016/j.algal.2020.101964
- Bussweiler, Y. et al. Trace element mapping of high-pressure, high-temperature experimental samples with laser ablation ICP time-of-flight mass spectrometry–Illuminating melt-rock reactions in the lithospheric mantle. Lithos, 2020. In Focus | DOI: 10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105282
- Van Malderen, S., Van Acker, T., Vanhaecke, F. Sub-µm nanosecond LA-ICP-MS imaging at pixel acquisition rates above 250 Hz via a low-dispersion setup. Analytical Chemistry 2020. In Focus | DOI:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05056
- Phyo, M.M. et al. U–Pb Dating of Zircon and Zirconolite Inclusions in Marble-Hosted Gem-Quality Ruby and Spinel from Mogok, Myanmar. Minerals 2020. In Focus | DOI: 10.3390/min10020195
2019
- Erhardt, T.; Jensen, C.; Borovinskaya, O.; Fischer, H. Single particle characterization and total elemental concentration measurements in polar ice using CFA-icpTOF. Environmental Science & Technology 2019. In Focus | DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03886
- Mehrabi, K.; Günther, D.; Gundlach-Graham, A. Single-Particle ICP-TOFMS with Online Microdroplet Calibration for the Simultaneous Quantification of Diverse Nanoparticles in Complex Matrices. Environmental Science: Nano 2019. DOI: 10.1039/C9EN00620F
- Ubide, T.; Caulfield, J.; Brandt, C.; Bussweiler, Y.; Mollo, S.; Di Stefano, F.; Nazzari, M.; Scarlato, P. Deep Magma Storage revealed by Multi-Method Elemental Mapping of Clinopyroxene Megacrysts at Stromboli Volcano. Frontiers in Earth Science 2019. In Focus | DOI:10.3389/feart.2019.00239
- Theiner, S.; Schoeberl, A.; Fischer, L.; Neumayer, S.; Hann, S.; Koellensperger, G. FI-ICP-TOFMS for quantification of biologically essential trace elements in cerebrospinal fluid-high-throughput at low sample volume. Analyst 2019. DOI:10.1039/C9AN00039A
- Löhr, K.; Borovinskaya, O., Tourniaire, G.; Panne, U.; Jakubowski, N. Arraying of single cells for quantitative highthroughput Laser Ablation ICP-TOF-MS. Analytical Chemistry 2019. DOI:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00198
- Hendriks, L.; Gundlach-Graham, A.; Günther, D. Performance of sp-ICP-TOFMS with signal distributions fitted to a compound Poisson model. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2019. DOI:10.1039/C9JA00186G
- Arakawa, A.; Jakubowski, N.; Koellensperger, G.; Theiner, S.; Schweikert, A.; Flemig, S.; Iwahata, D.; Traub, H.; Hirata, T. Quantitative imaging of silver nanoparticles and essential elements in thin sections of fibroblast multicellular spheroids by high resolution laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-TOF-MS). Analytical Chemistry 2019. DOI:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02239
- Krebs, M.; Pearson, D.; Fagan, A.; Bussweiler, Y.; Sarkar, C. The application of trace elements and Sr–Pb isotopes to dating and tracing ruby formation: The Aappaluttoq deposit, SW Greenland. Chemical Geology 2019. DOI:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.05.035
- Theiner, S.; Schweikert, A.; Van Malderen, S.; Schoeberl, A.; Neumayer, S.; Jilma, P.; Peyrl, A.; Koellensperger, G. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging of trace elements at single cell level for clinical practice. Analytical Chemistry 2019. DOI:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00698
- Theiner, S.; Schoeberl, A.; Neumayer, S.; Koellensperger, G. FI-ICP-TOFMS for high-throughput and low volume multi-element analysis in environmental and biological matrices. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2019. DOI:10.1039/C9JA00022D
- Loosli, F.; Wang, J.; Rothenberg, S.; Bizimis, M.; Winkler, C.; Borovinskaya, O.; Flamigni, L.; Baalousha, M. Sewage spills are a major source of titanium dioxide engineered (nano)-particles into the environment. Environ. Sci.: Nano 2019. In Focus | DOI: 10.1039/c8en01376d
- Bauer, O.; Hachmöller, O.; Borovinskaya, O.; Sperling, M.; Schurek, H.; Ciarimboli, G.; Karst, U. LA-ICP-ToFMS for rapid, all-elemental and quantitative bioimaging, isotopic analysis and the investigation of plasma processes”, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2019. In Focus | DOI: 10.1039/C8JA00288F
- Hendriks, L.; Ramkorun-Schmidt, B.; Gundlach-Graham, A.; Koch, J.; Grass, R. N.; Jakubowski, N.; Gunther, D. Single-Particle ICP-MS with Online Microdroplet Calibration: Toward Matrix Independent Nanoparticle Sizing. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2019. In Focus | DOI: 10.1039/C8JA00397A
- Burgay, F.; Erhardt, T.; Lunga, D. D.; Jensen, C. M.; Spolaor, A.; Vallelonga, P.; Fischer, H.; Barbante, C.; Fe2+ in ice cores as a new potential proxy to detect past volcanic eruptions. Science of The Total Environment 2019. In Focus | DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.075
- Burger, M.; Hendriks, L.; Kaeslin, J.; Gundlach-Graham, A.; Hattendorf, B.; Günther, D. Characterization of inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry in combination with collision/reaction cell technology–insights from highly time-resolved measurements. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2019. In Focus | DOI: 10.1039/C8JA00275D
2018
- Hegetschweiler, A.; Borovinskaya, O.; Staudt, T.; Kraus, T. Single particle mass spectrometry of titanium and niobium carbonitride precipitates in steels. Analytical Chemistry 2018. In Focus | DOI:10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04012
- Gundlach-Graham, A.; Hendriks, L.; Mehrabi, K.; Günther, D. Monte Carlo Simulation of Low-Count Signals in Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and its Application to Single-Particle Detection. Analytical Chemistry 2018. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01551
- Ronzani, A.; Pointurier, F.; Rittner, M.; Borovinskaya, O.; Tanner, M.; Hubert, A.; Humbert, A.C.; Aupiais, J.; Dacheux, N. Capabilities of Laser Ablation – ICP-TOF-MS Coupling for Isotopic Analysis of Individual Uranium Micrometric Particles. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2018. In Focus | DOI: 10.1039/C8JA00241J
- Käser, D.; Hendriks, L.; Koch, J.; Günther, D. Depth Profile Analyses with Sub 100-nm Depth Resolution of a Metal Thin Film by Femtosecond – Laser Ablation – Inductively Coupled Plasma – Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 2018. In Focus | DOI:10.1016/j.sab.2018.08.002
- Gundlach-Graham, A.; Garofalo, P.S.; Schwarz, G.; Redi, D.; Günther, D. High‐Resolution, Quantitative Element Imaging of an Upper Crust, Low‐Angle Cataclasite (Zuccale Fault, Northern Apennines) by Laser Ablation ICP Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 2018. In Focus | DOI: 10.1111/ggr.12233
- Ohata, M.; Hagino, H. Examination on simultaneous multi-element isotope ratio measurement by inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectrometry. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2018. In Focus | DOI:10.1016/j.ijms.2018.03.003
- Gundlach-Graham, A. An Elemental Regeneration. The Analytical Scientist 2018. URL Link
- Naasz, S.; et al. Multi-element analysis of single nanoparticles by ICP-MS using quadrupole and time-of-flight technologies. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2018. In Focus | DOI:10.1039/C7JA00399D
- Gondikas, A.; et al. Where is the nano? Analytical approaches for the detection and quantification of TiO 2 engineered nanoparticles in surface waters. Environmental Science: Nano 2018. In Focus | DOI:10.1039/c7en00952f
- Hendriks, L.; Gundlach-Graham, A.; Günther, D. Analysis of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Single-Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 2018. In Focus | DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2018.221
2017
- Hagino, H.; Tonegawa, Y.; Tanner, M.; Borovinskaya, O.; Hikita, T.; Shimono, A.; Application of ICP-TOFMS for Real-Time Measurement of Trace Elements in Automotive Exhaust Particulate Matters from Engine Oil Additives. Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan 2017. In Focus | DOI: 10.11351/jsaeronbun.48.1341
- Hendriks, L.; et al. Characterization of a new ICP-TOFMS instrument with continuous and discrete introduction of solutions, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2017. In Focus | DOI: 10.1039/C6JA00400H
- Burger, M.; et al. Capabilities of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2017. DOI: 10.1039/C7JA00236J
- Van Malderen, S.; et al. Three-Dimensional reconstruction of the Tissue-Specific Multielemental Distribution within Ceriodaphnia dubia via Multimodal Registration Using Laser Ablation ICP-Mass Spectrometry and X-ray Spectroscopic Techniques. Analytical Chemistry 2017. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00111
- Praetorius, A.; et al. Single-particle multi-element fingerprinting (spMEF) using inductively-coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ICP-TOFMS) to identify engineered nanoparticles against the elevated natural background in soils. Environmental Science: Nano 2017. In Focus |DOI: 10.1039/C6EN00455E
- Bussweiler, Y.; Borovinskaya, O.; Tanner, M. Laser Ablation and inductively coupled plasma-time-of-flight mass spectrometry-A powerful combination for high-speed multielemental imaging on the micrometer scale. Spectroscopy 2017. In Focus | Link
2016
- Wang, H.; et al. Simultaneous High Sensitivity Trace-Element and Isotopic Analysis of Gemstones Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. The Journal of Gemmology 2016.
- Wiedenbeck, M. Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry: A New Tool for Laser Ablation Analyses. Elements Magazine 2016. In Focus | Link
- Gundlach-Graham, A. Toward faster and higher resolution LA–ICPMS imaging: on the co-evolution of LA cell design and ICPMS instrumentation. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2016. In Focus | DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9251-8
2015
- Harlaux, M.; et al. Capabilities of sequential and quasi-simultaneous LA-ICPMS for the multi-element analysis of small quantity of liquids (pl to nl): insights from fluid inclusion analysis. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2015. In Focus | DOI: 10.1039/C5JA00111K
- Gundlach-Graham, A.; et al. High-speed, high-resolution, multi-elemental LA-ICP-TOFMS imaging: Part I instrumentation and two-dimensional imaging of geological samples. Analytical Chemistry 2015. In Focus | DOI:10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01196
- Burger, M.; et al. High-speed, high-resolution, multi-elemental LA-ICP-TOFMS imaging: Part II. Critical evaluation of quantitative three-dimensional imaging of major, minor and trace elements in geological samples. Analytical Chemistry 2015. In Focus | DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01977
2014
- Borovinskaya, O.; et al. Simultaneous Mass Quantification of Nanoparticles of Different Composition in a Mixture by Microdroplet Generator-ICPTOFMS. Analytical Chemistry 2014. In Focus | DOI: 10.1021/ac501150c
- Borovinskaya, O.; et al. Diffusion- and velocity-driven spatial separation of analytes from single droplets entering an ICP off-axis. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2014. DOI: 10.1039/c3ja50307k
2013
- Neubauer, U. Wie Forscher Nanopartikel in der Umwelt nachweisen. NZZ, 2013
- Borovinskaya, O.; et al. A prototype of a new inductively coupled plasma timeof-flight mass spectrometer providing temporally resolved, multi-element detection of short signals generated by single particles and droplets. J. Anal. At. Spectrom 2013. DOI: 10.1039/C2JA30227F
2008
- Tanner, M.; Günther, D. A new ICP–TOFMS. Measurement and readout of mass spectra with 30 µs time resolution, applied to in-torch LA–ICP–MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1869-3
资源
- 机动车尾气中颗粒物伴生痕量元素组分实时在线分析
- 为什么TOF飞行时间质谱是单颗粒icp质谱仪的最佳搭配，没有唯一？
- Detection and Quantification of Titanium Dioxide Engineered Nanoparticles in Surface Waters
- Perspective Article on Multielemental Imaging with Laser Ablation ICP–TOFMS in May Issue of Spectroscopy
- Quantification of Metallic Nanoparticles with ICP-TOFMS
- Combining Laser Ablation with Single Particle ICP-TOFMS for the Study of Multi-Element Particles in Environmental Systems
- Online Microdroplet Calibration with the icpTOF Enables High-Throughput Nanoparticle Studies
- fs-LA-icpTOF 飞秒激光剥蚀ICP质谱仪助 力高分辨率深度剖面分析
- icpTOF质谱元素成像分析洞察岩石样品内Fault Formation机理
- icpTOF全谱检测多种元素及其同位素分布及比例
- Analysis of Inorganic Nanoparticles in Complex Matrices
- Characterizing the Performance of the icpTOF for Continuous Solutions and Single Microdroplets
- Single-Particle Multi-Element Fingerprinting of Engineered Nanoparticles in Soils with icpTOF
- Toward Faster and Higher Resolution LA–ICPMS Imaging
- The Advantages of TOF for ICP-MS Analysis of Fluid Inclusions
- High-Speed, Multi-Elemental Imaging for Geological Samples with LA-ICP-TOFMS
- Imaging the Distribution of Elements in Antarctic Ice Cores with LA-ICP-TOFMS PDF
- Single Cell ICP-MS Analysis with the icpTOF Provides New Insights into Cell Ionomics PDF
- icpTOF质谱单颗粒多元素分析案例：活体内汞硒共生纳米颗粒物生成机理研究 PDF
- High Speed, High Resolution, Multi-Element Imaging of Plant Root Cross Sections to Highlight Nutrient Transport Pathways: App Note PDF
- Quantifying the Multi-Element Composition of Single Steel Nanoparticles with the icpTOF: Application Note PDF
- High-Speed Elemental Imaging of Cisplatin-Perfused Tissue with Laser Ablation-icpTOF: Application Note PDF
- Fast Multi-Element LA-icpTOF Mapping of Gold Grains: Application Note PDF
- Fast, High-Resolution Imaging of Sphalerite with the icpTOF: Application Note PDF
- Multi-Element Detection of Single Nanoparticles with icpTOF: Application Note PDF
- Laser Ablation with the icpTOF: Application Note PDF
- The icpTOF as a Versatile Tool for Elemental Analysis of Single Particles and for Fast Laser Ablation Imaging: Poster APWC 2017 PDF
- High-Resolution, All-Element Imaging of a Garnet Grain with the icpTOF
- 3D Tissue Compositional Profiling with the icpTOF: Analytical Chemistry Publication and EWCPS 2017 Poster PDF
- LA icpTOF – A Reliable Tool for Rapid Elemental Imaging of Carbonates: Poster EWCPS 2017 PDF
- SP-ICP-MS Analysis of Complex Nanoparticles in Liquids and Air: Poster ICCEEN 2016 PDF
- High-Speed, Multi-Element Imaging using Fast Laser Ablation Sampling Systems with the icpTOF: Poster EWLA 2016 PDF
- Characterizing Fe-Rich Nanoparticles: Poster ASMS 2016 PDF
- Analysis of Nanoparticles with the icpTOF: Poster WCPS 2016 PDF
- 网络讲堂: Maximum Sensitivity for Particles, Cells, and Bioimaging with the icpTOF S2 PDF
- icpTOF Webinar Series: Multi-Element Laser Ablation Imaging and Spot Analysis 观看视频 PDF
- icpTOF Webinar Series: Multi-Element, Single-Particle Analysis 观看视频 PDF
- Webinar: Fundamentals and Applications of the icpTOF 观看视频 PDF
基础知识
icpTOF的背景知识
